Introduction. Forensic Dna Phenotyping Is A New And Emerging

Introduction Forensic DNA Phenotyping is a new and emerging field of forensic science. As it is so new, there is very little in terms of literature on this field, very little testing done on this type of identification, and few cases that have used DNA Phenotyping to assist in the investigation. The first documented case of DNA Phenotyping being used is in the early 2000s, so it has had under 20 years of research and experimentation with it. There are many weaknesses to the version of DNA Phenotyping that is available for use so far, but once there is more research done on it, and more experimentation with this new science, DNA Phenotyping could easily be a major tool to investigators around the world. Description of Science Forensic†¦show more content†¦Eye colour, or more specifically iris colour, is determined by pigments. The type, distribution, and amount of pigments in the iris is what gives colour. The hue and saturation of the iris colour are extremely highly correlated, which points to a biological explanation. Blue and brown eyes are genetically recessive, which means they can be predicted using DNA (Liu et al, 2010). When analyzing DNA, the analysts create a DNA profile for each evidentiary piece of DNA. The DNA profile is based on 13 markers, or locations, within the genome. These 13 markers are chosen because they show a high variability between individuals. By using these 13 markers, the probability of 2 individuals having the exact same 13 markers is infinitesimal. But DNA profiles as they are now are made for identification purposes only. The profiles are not meant to contain personal genetic information (Matheson, 2016). But through the work of Susan Walsh, together with colleagues in the Netherlands, they have been able to create models for eye colour and hair colour. For the model on eye colour, they have a 95% accurate predictability rate, but only for brown and blue eyes. They have not done as extensive of work on the other colours of eyes. For the model on hair colour, they have a 90%

The Wedding - Original Writing - 5028 Words

THE WEDDING preparations went forward for wedding and, almost before she knew it, she was clad in wedding dress built a nice dogwood arbor and Sarah made a special wedding shirt for Caleb Sarah and Caleb gathered under the white tent and took the vows to face a house packed full with guests. Afterward she remembered, as from a dream, the hundreds of candles flaring on the walls, I ve never been so happy, he murmured. THE WEDDING NIGHT but then as the warmth of her body, its whole length pressed agiast him, flowed into him, her raise his arms and tightened them arougn her. He laid is motu on hers, hard and then he swung her off her feet and without a word caarrie dher into th next room, sitting on the edge of the bed looking at him when she d finally gathered the courage to slip between the sheets. ... she closed her eyes and caught her lip between her teeth and allowed herself to remember a time when the pursuit of ecstasy hadruled her. She had never seen him sleeping (asleep before)and she lay lay just watching him until she was afraid she would wake him with her gaze. I could wait until the wedding for his body but there was nothing to keep me from thinking about it, dreaming about it. I was going to be his wife. I vowed I would be a good wife to him til death did us part. In a way I made my marriage vows that night The changes in Sarah were remarkable. Until their marriage she had been self-reliant and restrained. He made her, to all appearances, a newShow MoreRelatedThe Wedding - Original Writing845 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wedding Long ago, in the Southern elf kingdom, lived a young elf named Arodir, but everyone called him Aaron. Ever since he was born, his parents, the king and queen, were planning on who their son should marry. They soon heard of a beautiful princess from a far kingdom in the North. She was tall, thin, well mannered, and very sophisticated. Her name was Nindes. 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Salomon and Separate Legal Entity Doctrine †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Salomon and Separate Legal Entity Doctrine. Answer: Introduction: As per the facts stated by Peter and Susan, Peter is interested in setting up a property management business (PPM Services) by himself with the help of Susan. He is also interested in seeking help of his friend, Jack, who will bring in additional capital and business skills to expand the business. The main concern of Susan prior establishing the business is that she intends to protect their house for their young family as she is skeptical that there are chances that the family house is lost when the business fails. Concerning the facts that are provided, it is submitted that in Australia, there are three kinds of business management that are mostly opted by people to establish their business. The first is a sole trade ship wherein only one person is the owner and who manages the business. Since, Peter intends to establish business with Susan, thus, Sole trader ship is not the right choice. (ClaytonUTZ, 2017) Another business structure is partnership, wherein two people carry on business of continuous nature with the aim to earn profit and is analyzed in Smith v Anderson (1880) (Sydney, 2017) Further, a business can also be run by way of a company which is an entity registered as per the requirements of the Corporation Act 2001. Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] is the leading case which established the main elements of a company. (Ramsay Noakes, 2001) Considering the facts, it is advice that Peter and Susan must carry on their business by way of a company. The main advantages of operating a business management as a company rather than a sole trader or partnership are that, firstly, that it has limited liability which implies that the liabilities of the members is limited to the extent of their shareholding. No personal assets of the members are at risk even when the company is not able to meet its financial burdens (Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd (1961). However, in a sole trader ship or partnership form of business, the personal assets of the owners or partners are at risks if the business is not able to meet its liabilities; secondly, a company can hold property in its own name which is not the case when the business is run by way of partnership or sole trader ship; thirdly, it is very easy to attract or raise capital in the company when compared with any other kind of structure because the investors are not burdened to cope up wit h the financial crunches of the company and their investment is not at risk which is not the case in a partnership or a sole trader ship; fourthly, the coming or leaving of members will not hamper the existence of the company. Where as in partnership, any incoming or outgoing partner will result in the dissolution of the company. (Incorporator, 2017) However, there are also few disadvantages that, is, firstly, the cost of registration of a company is much higher in comparison with sole trader ship or partnership. There is no requirement of any kind of registration when the person intends to establish the business by way of a partnership or a sole trader ship. But, in Australia, registration of a company requires $650-$750 for a one year registration; secondly, there is approximately $ 230 which must be paid to ASIC by a company which is not required of a business is in the form of partnership or sole trader ship; thirdly, the financial affairs of the company are public and any person can access the same but the same is not the case in partnership or sole trader ship where the financial position of the company is much confidential; Further, in company, the reporting requirements is high, that is, as per section 292 of the Corporation Act, if a company is a large proprietary company then it must prepare/lodge directors and financial report every year. If the company is small, then, lodge financial reports in few situations. But, in partnership and sole trader ship there is not much reporting requirements. (Business, 2017) So, it is advice to peter and Susan that continuing the business by way of a company is a better choice in comparison with a partnership or a sole trader ship. Now, as already submitted, a company can be formed once the business management is registered. ASIC is the regulatory body which regulates companies in Australia. If Peter ensures to register his business then, he must first register his business name. Registration of name is carried out with ASIC. It is necessary that the person must either have an ABN or is in the process of applying of an ABN. Once an ABN is obtained, then, the business name can be registered online. Once a name is registered, then, the person can carry on his business under the said name. A business name is a title under which a person conducts his own business. In Australia, it is necessary that a person must register a business name if he is not trading in his own name but if the individual is conducting business in his own first name or surname then there is no registration of business name requirement. (ASIC, 2017) It is advice to Peter that there is no specific requirement of registration of business but he must register his business name for carrying out his business so that no other person can use the same name for their own business. Also, Peter can conduct business in his own name without any registration requirements. Now if any person needs to change the ownership of the business then the same can be done either by selling the business; transferring your business to a family member or friend or adding new partners to the business. Since Peter wants Susan to be co-owner of the business then the best option is to add her as new partner. This can be done by taking three steps. That is: (Business, 2017) The partnership must be updated; The new ABN number must be applied ; The details with the ATO must be updated for tax purposes. By doing these steps, Susan can become the co-owner of the business. Once a business name is registered then the business must also be registered in order to operate as a company. Chapter 2A of the Corporation Act 2001 deals with the registration of a company and there are several steps that Peter must able to comply with prior registering a business in Australia. Firstly, Peter must ensure to fulfill is to choose a company name. Peter may select any name for his company but such name should not be identical to any existing company or business name. Also, the name must not contain certain words or phrases without seeking approval of the government minister, such as, trust, bank, Royal, incorporated. Also, Peter must ensure that no name should be selected that misguides people with respect to the working of the company, which is offensive or which suggest illegal activity. A name can also be reserved with the help of Form 410 which can later be registered. But the reservation is only for 2 months. Whatever name is selected, it must show the legal status of the company. Thus, if Peter is registering a company with limited liability then the name must include Proprietary Limited and if the liability is unlimited then it must include proprietary; Secondly, Peter must decide the working and operations of the company prior its registration. He must decide whether the business is governed by its constitution, its replaceable rules or both; Thirdly, Peter must ensure all of his obligations before registration of his business, that is, maintenance of records of the company, payment of annual review and lodgment fees etc; Fourthly, the consent of all the directors, secretary and members must be attained prior the registration of the company; Fifthly, If the registered office is not the asset of the company, then, Peter must seek written permission to use the address and a record of the same must be maintained. (ASIC, 2017) Once all these formalities are done then the registration can be done in two manners, firstly, Registration of the business can be done with the help of a private service provider who have access to ASIC system; Secondly, Form 201 can be filled and mailed to Australian Securities and Investments Commission, PO Box 4000, Gippsland Mail Centre VIC 3841. The fees must be enclosed along with the form. Once the application is confirmed then Peter will attain an ACN, corporate Key and a certificate of registration. (ASIC, 2017) It is thus advice that Peter must ensure all the above steps while registering his business. Elements of the company Once a company is registered then there are various elements that can be associated with a company and with which Peter must be aware of and which are also mentioned under part 2B.1 of the Corporation Act 2001, that is, (Australia, 2017) firstly, as per section 124, a company is a separate legal person in the eyes of law and has its own personality. It is an artificial legal person once registered and has the capacity to carry out the tasks in its own name: secondly, when a company is registered then it never dies, even when its entire member eases to exists, fourthly, it can enter into contracts; fifthly, it is distinct from its directors and its members. Now, if at later stage, Peter wish to make Susan as part owner of the company, then, it is advice to him that he must issue shares of the company as per section 254B of the Corporation Act 2001. The main requirements of section 254 B are; firstly, a record of the issue of shares must be kept by the company in its shares register; secondly, the company must within 28 days of the issue of shares notify ASIC by lodging a change of company details wherein the details regarding the number of issues shares, class of shares, amount paid or to be paid etc are specified; thirdly, a new ABN number must be applied and the details must be updated with the ATO for taxation purposes.. (Veromo, 2017) Once the changes are done, then, Susan will become part owner of the company and holds ownership to the extent she hold shares in the company. Also, as per the facts, If Peter wish that jack and his other friends must join the business at a later stage than he has two options, firstly, he can issue shares in their favour and make them members of the company. Once they become the member of the company, then, Jack and the other friend has to company with all the shareholders right and obligations. Also, Peter has to comply with all the formalities that are required to issue shares; secondly, Peter can also employ Jack and his other friends as employees of the company and can seek their expertise and opinion without changing the structure of the company. It is advised to Peter that he must employee Jack and his other friends without bringing any kind of change in the structuring of the company by issuing shares. Issue of shares will involve time and expense. It is advisable that by employing them not much of costs will occur and Jack and other friends will also become part of the business by joining the same. So, when a company is registered then it becomes a separate legal entity in the eyes of law and which implies that it is distinct in personality and is not associated with its members and directors (MacLaine Watson Co Ltd v Department of Trade and Industry [1988]). A company is an artificial person and has the capacity to sue or sued in its own name, hold property and take decisions. Also, the directors and members are not answerable to the liabilities of the company personally. (GV Puig, 2000) It is thus submitted, that Peter and Susan can protect their personal assets in case the business fails provided they operate business in the form of company and not in the form of partnership or ole trader ship. The members of the company has limited liability, that is, they are only answerable to the extent they hold shares in the company. No personal assets of the members are at risk when the company is not able to meet its financial burdens. The other business structures, that is partnership and sole trader ship does not have the element of separate legal entity and limited liability, thus, there is no protection of personal assets if the business fails. Reference list Books/Articles/Journals GV Puig (2000) A Two-Edged Sword: Salomon and the Separate Legal Entity Doctrine, Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2000). Ramsay Noakes (2001) 19 Company and Securities Law Journal 250-271. Sydney (2017) Partnership, Topic 3. Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd (1961). MacLaine Watson Co Ltd v Department of Trade and Industry [1988]. Salomon v Salomon Co [1897]. Smith v Anderson (1880) The Corporation Act 2001 Australia (2017) (Online). Available on: https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/companies/structures. Accesses on 29th August 2017. ASIC (2017) Registering a business name (Online). Available on: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/registering-a-business-name/. Accesses on 29th August 2017. ASIC (2017) Steps to register a company (Online). Available on: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/registering-a-company/steps-to-register-a-company/. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Business (2017) Company - advantages and disadvantages (Online). Available on: https://www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/proprietary-company-advantages-and-disadvantages. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Business (2017) Change of ownership (Online). Available on: https://www.business.gov.au/info/exit/change-of-ownership. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Clayton UTZ (2017) Doing Business in Australia (Online). Available on: https://www.claytonutz.com/ArticleDocuments/501/3_BusinessStructures.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Incorporator (2017) Register Company? - Some pros and cons of registering a company in Australia some considerations regarding the appropriateness of registering an Australian company (Online). Available on: https://www.incorporator.com.au/pros-cons-company.asp. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Veromo (2017) shares and shareholders (Online). Available on: https://www.veromo.com/help-faqs/starting-business-australia/shares-shareholders/#can-you-issue-shares-after-the-initial-share-issue-upon-registration. Accesses on 29th August 2017.

Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting businesses free essay sample

The first business I will be investigating is Westons Cider. In 1878 Henry Weston came to the farm ‘The Bounds’ at Much Marcle, Herefordshire and continued the tradition of using the fruits grown on the farms fruit orchards to make cider. Two years later in 1880 Henry Weston started developing his cider commercial after the realisation of the treat from overseas imports created due to the British Empire but still knew it would be hard to achieve the standard of living he desired for his family. This decision was influenced by his neighbour, Mr C W Radcliffe Cooke of ‘Hellens’ in Much Marcle. Cooke was a Member of Parliament for Herefordshire and believed greatly in the development of West Country cider making, so that cider could then become a national drink, thus he was known as the ‘Member for Cider’. Henry Weston soon gained customers and slowly expanded the business formally known as ‘Westons Cider’. This slow expansion wasn’t achieved by advertising, it was achieved by recommendation. The tradition of the business was then established, a tradition which has been maintained by the company ever since. Westons Cider traditional product has won many awards and are not only available in the UK but in 25 countries around the world. Westons Cider employs more than 130 people, produces over 30 different ciders and perries, sells approximately 28 million pints a year and has a turnover of ? 24 million. They also have a Visitors Centre which is open to the public all year round. It contains an award winning courtyard garden, original features at the Hampton Court Palace Flower show in 2002, a traditional and are breeds farm park and orchard walk, a restaurant and a cafe and a gift and cider shop where you can sample every cider Westons Cider has to offer. Westons Cider is a Private Limited Company in Herefordshire, this is because it is a family owned business and therefore they don’t sell any shares of their business to the public. By not selling any shares of Westons Cider, they are full control of the business as there are not any influences by shareholders and as well as this, they get to keep all the profits to themselves. To buy shares from Westons Cider, you have to be a friend or a family and firstly have to be invited to buy them. A benefit of Westons Cider being an Ltd is that the business has limited liability, this means that the owners are separate from the business and don’t lose personal assets if the business was to go bankrupt or into debt. In comparison to a sole trader which has unlimited liability where they are the business and will lose personal assets to pay back any debts the business encounters. Westons Cider is a business is the private sector. This is where a business’ aim is to make a profit. Westons Cider’s purpose is to supply cider and they do this throughout the primary, secondary and tertiary sector. A business that operates in the primary is ones that collect raw materials. Westons Cider only collect and use top quality cider apples which are small, hard and inedible. They say that they only use two types of apples, bitter sweet and bitter sharp. By blending the fermented juices the apples produce that is that these two types of apples create the characteristic strength, flavour and aroma associate with Westons Cider and their cider. This is where they fall into the secondary sector. The secondary sector is where a business makes the final product using the raw materials. Westons Cider turns their own picked apples in cider at their factories as well as putting the cider into bottles ready to be sold. They start off by milling and pressing their apples to make the cider. The first step is to clean the apples; this involves removing the twigs, leaves or mud on the apples. The apples are then chopped to a pulp in the Bucher Mills where it can produce 16 tonnes per hour. Once the apples are turned into a pulp, they are the mashed to then be finally extracted for the juice. This is when it starts to begin fermentation. This is where the juices are left for a period of time so that they can mature to develop its full character. Some of Westons Cider’s cider is up to 200 years old but usually the common products are left to mature for around eight months. Following maturation, the cider is clarified, sweetened, chilled and then carbonated according to their requirements. A tertiary sector business is one that sells the product. For example, a business like Farmsfood would be in the tertiary sector solely because they buy products from businesses in the secondary sector and sell them to consumers. Westons Cider is in the tertiary businesses because despite selling to big retailers, Westons Cider’s cider can also be brought directly from their website where it is delivered to you. This is achieved by their distribution department. Their vehicles range from a 1? tonne van to seven articulated Lorries with the capacity to carry 28 tonnes each. Their delivery derives and distribution team will endeavour to get your cider to you promptly and efficiently, this is something that Westons Cider prides themselves with. The second business I will be investigating is Cancer Research UK. Cancer Research as by the name suggests is a business that does cancer research whilst spreading awareness in the UK. Cancer researcher is a business in the voluntary sector. The voluntary sector is any business that are not owned by the government and don’t aim to make a profit. They are also in the tertiary sector as they provide a service, being the research of cancer to find a cure as well as charity fund raising to help keep their research going. Cancer Research UK was founded in 2002 by the merge of the Cancer Research Campaign and the Imperial Cancer Research Trust. The Cancer Research UK’s research is almost entirely funded by the public. They raise money through donations, legacies, community fundraising, events and retailer and organisations operations and partnerships. For example, Morrisons could partner with Cancer Research and leave collection buckets at the end of tills for customers to put their lose change in or whatever amount of money they wish to donate. Cancer Research has over 40,000 people who regularly volunteer to help their research. As well as this they also have 3,985 employees that work for find cures using the research collected. The chief executive of Cancer Research UK is Harpel S Humar MA, MEng, MBA. Kumar gained a Masters in Chemical Engineering from the University of Cambridge and then received an MBA as a Baker Scholar from the Harvard Business School. After working for the UK Atomic Energy Authority as a research scientist, Kumar then worked in the London office of McKinsey and Co, specialising in advising pharmaceutical clients on strategic issues. Later afterwards he then became CEO of the Papworth Trust, this focuses on the pioneering rehabilitation and housing services for people with acquire and congenital disabilities. Kumar then left Papworth in 1997 to become founding CEO of Nexan Group, a venture capital backed medical device company, creating and marketing novel cardio-respiratory monitoring technologies. In 2002 Kumar joined Cancer Research Technology Limited as Chief Executive and then became Chief Operating Officer of Cancer Research UK in 2004 before becoming Chief Executive in 2007. One key way to help Cancer Research UK is to become a Trustee of the Charity. This is very similar to voluntary roles however, a voluntary role that is more challenging and is central to the working of the charity. This is like being a Director of a commercial company. Cancer Research currently has 20 Trustees that govern the business. These Trustees consist of people from scientific and non-scientific backgrounds. They must ensure that the organisation of the business has a clear strategic direction, it is properly managed and that is operates to a high standard of governance. The Trustees participate in informal events and serve on committees involve in specific areas of Cancer Research UK’s work to make sure the time commitment is up to a day a month. Appropriate training and induction are provided and Trustees are covered by the needed insurance. Being a Trustee requires good judgement, a commitment to the charities mission and the ability to work as a team with the correct skills. They also have to be sensitive to the issue as well and becoming a Trustee does require significant responsibilities, energy and commitment but it is also every rewarding and crucial element in the success of the charity.