Introduction. Forensic Dna Phenotyping Is A New And Emerging

Introduction Forensic DNA Phenotyping is a new and emerging field of forensic science. As it is so new, there is very little in terms of literature on this field, very little testing done on this type of identification, and few cases that have used DNA Phenotyping to assist in the investigation. The first documented case of DNA Phenotyping being used is in the early 2000s, so it has had under 20 years of research and experimentation with it. There are many weaknesses to the version of DNA Phenotyping that is available for use so far, but once there is more research done on it, and more experimentation with this new science, DNA Phenotyping could easily be a major tool to investigators around the world. Description of Science Forensic†¦show more content†¦Eye colour, or more specifically iris colour, is determined by pigments. The type, distribution, and amount of pigments in the iris is what gives colour. The hue and saturation of the iris colour are extremely highly correlated, which points to a biological explanation. Blue and brown eyes are genetically recessive, which means they can be predicted using DNA (Liu et al, 2010). When analyzing DNA, the analysts create a DNA profile for each evidentiary piece of DNA. The DNA profile is based on 13 markers, or locations, within the genome. These 13 markers are chosen because they show a high variability between individuals. By using these 13 markers, the probability of 2 individuals having the exact same 13 markers is infinitesimal. But DNA profiles as they are now are made for identification purposes only. The profiles are not meant to contain personal genetic information (Matheson, 2016). But through the work of Susan Walsh, together with colleagues in the Netherlands, they have been able to create models for eye colour and hair colour. For the model on eye colour, they have a 95% accurate predictability rate, but only for brown and blue eyes. They have not done as extensive of work on the other colours of eyes. For the model on hair colour, they have a 90%

The Wedding - Original Writing - 5028 Words

THE WEDDING preparations went forward for wedding and, almost before she knew it, she was clad in wedding dress built a nice dogwood arbor and Sarah made a special wedding shirt for Caleb Sarah and Caleb gathered under the white tent and took the vows to face a house packed full with guests. Afterward she remembered, as from a dream, the hundreds of candles flaring on the walls, I ve never been so happy, he murmured. THE WEDDING NIGHT but then as the warmth of her body, its whole length pressed agiast him, flowed into him, her raise his arms and tightened them arougn her. He laid is motu on hers, hard and then he swung her off her feet and without a word caarrie dher into th next room, sitting on the edge of the bed looking at him when she d finally gathered the courage to slip between the sheets. ... she closed her eyes and caught her lip between her teeth and allowed herself to remember a time when the pursuit of ecstasy hadruled her. She had never seen him sleeping (asleep before)and she lay lay just watching him until she was afraid she would wake him with her gaze. I could wait until the wedding for his body but there was nothing to keep me from thinking about it, dreaming about it. I was going to be his wife. I vowed I would be a good wife to him til death did us part. In a way I made my marriage vows that night The changes in Sarah were remarkable. Until their marriage she had been self-reliant and restrained. He made her, to all appearances, a newShow MoreRelatedThe Wedding - Original Writing845 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wedding Long ago, in the Southern elf kingdom, lived a young elf named Arodir, but everyone called him Aaron. Ever since he was born, his parents, the king and queen, were planning on who their son should marry. They soon heard of a beautiful princess from a far kingdom in the North. She was tall, thin, well mannered, and very sophisticated. Her name was Nindes. 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Salomon and Separate Legal Entity Doctrine †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Salomon and Separate Legal Entity Doctrine. Answer: Introduction: As per the facts stated by Peter and Susan, Peter is interested in setting up a property management business (PPM Services) by himself with the help of Susan. He is also interested in seeking help of his friend, Jack, who will bring in additional capital and business skills to expand the business. The main concern of Susan prior establishing the business is that she intends to protect their house for their young family as she is skeptical that there are chances that the family house is lost when the business fails. Concerning the facts that are provided, it is submitted that in Australia, there are three kinds of business management that are mostly opted by people to establish their business. The first is a sole trade ship wherein only one person is the owner and who manages the business. Since, Peter intends to establish business with Susan, thus, Sole trader ship is not the right choice. (ClaytonUTZ, 2017) Another business structure is partnership, wherein two people carry on business of continuous nature with the aim to earn profit and is analyzed in Smith v Anderson (1880) (Sydney, 2017) Further, a business can also be run by way of a company which is an entity registered as per the requirements of the Corporation Act 2001. Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] is the leading case which established the main elements of a company. (Ramsay Noakes, 2001) Considering the facts, it is advice that Peter and Susan must carry on their business by way of a company. The main advantages of operating a business management as a company rather than a sole trader or partnership are that, firstly, that it has limited liability which implies that the liabilities of the members is limited to the extent of their shareholding. No personal assets of the members are at risk even when the company is not able to meet its financial burdens (Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd (1961). However, in a sole trader ship or partnership form of business, the personal assets of the owners or partners are at risks if the business is not able to meet its liabilities; secondly, a company can hold property in its own name which is not the case when the business is run by way of partnership or sole trader ship; thirdly, it is very easy to attract or raise capital in the company when compared with any other kind of structure because the investors are not burdened to cope up wit h the financial crunches of the company and their investment is not at risk which is not the case in a partnership or a sole trader ship; fourthly, the coming or leaving of members will not hamper the existence of the company. Where as in partnership, any incoming or outgoing partner will result in the dissolution of the company. (Incorporator, 2017) However, there are also few disadvantages that, is, firstly, the cost of registration of a company is much higher in comparison with sole trader ship or partnership. There is no requirement of any kind of registration when the person intends to establish the business by way of a partnership or a sole trader ship. But, in Australia, registration of a company requires $650-$750 for a one year registration; secondly, there is approximately $ 230 which must be paid to ASIC by a company which is not required of a business is in the form of partnership or sole trader ship; thirdly, the financial affairs of the company are public and any person can access the same but the same is not the case in partnership or sole trader ship where the financial position of the company is much confidential; Further, in company, the reporting requirements is high, that is, as per section 292 of the Corporation Act, if a company is a large proprietary company then it must prepare/lodge directors and financial report every year. If the company is small, then, lodge financial reports in few situations. But, in partnership and sole trader ship there is not much reporting requirements. (Business, 2017) So, it is advice to peter and Susan that continuing the business by way of a company is a better choice in comparison with a partnership or a sole trader ship. Now, as already submitted, a company can be formed once the business management is registered. ASIC is the regulatory body which regulates companies in Australia. If Peter ensures to register his business then, he must first register his business name. Registration of name is carried out with ASIC. It is necessary that the person must either have an ABN or is in the process of applying of an ABN. Once an ABN is obtained, then, the business name can be registered online. Once a name is registered, then, the person can carry on his business under the said name. A business name is a title under which a person conducts his own business. In Australia, it is necessary that a person must register a business name if he is not trading in his own name but if the individual is conducting business in his own first name or surname then there is no registration of business name requirement. (ASIC, 2017) It is advice to Peter that there is no specific requirement of registration of business but he must register his business name for carrying out his business so that no other person can use the same name for their own business. Also, Peter can conduct business in his own name without any registration requirements. Now if any person needs to change the ownership of the business then the same can be done either by selling the business; transferring your business to a family member or friend or adding new partners to the business. Since Peter wants Susan to be co-owner of the business then the best option is to add her as new partner. This can be done by taking three steps. That is: (Business, 2017) The partnership must be updated; The new ABN number must be applied ; The details with the ATO must be updated for tax purposes. By doing these steps, Susan can become the co-owner of the business. Once a business name is registered then the business must also be registered in order to operate as a company. Chapter 2A of the Corporation Act 2001 deals with the registration of a company and there are several steps that Peter must able to comply with prior registering a business in Australia. Firstly, Peter must ensure to fulfill is to choose a company name. Peter may select any name for his company but such name should not be identical to any existing company or business name. Also, the name must not contain certain words or phrases without seeking approval of the government minister, such as, trust, bank, Royal, incorporated. Also, Peter must ensure that no name should be selected that misguides people with respect to the working of the company, which is offensive or which suggest illegal activity. A name can also be reserved with the help of Form 410 which can later be registered. But the reservation is only for 2 months. Whatever name is selected, it must show the legal status of the company. Thus, if Peter is registering a company with limited liability then the name must include Proprietary Limited and if the liability is unlimited then it must include proprietary; Secondly, Peter must decide the working and operations of the company prior its registration. He must decide whether the business is governed by its constitution, its replaceable rules or both; Thirdly, Peter must ensure all of his obligations before registration of his business, that is, maintenance of records of the company, payment of annual review and lodgment fees etc; Fourthly, the consent of all the directors, secretary and members must be attained prior the registration of the company; Fifthly, If the registered office is not the asset of the company, then, Peter must seek written permission to use the address and a record of the same must be maintained. (ASIC, 2017) Once all these formalities are done then the registration can be done in two manners, firstly, Registration of the business can be done with the help of a private service provider who have access to ASIC system; Secondly, Form 201 can be filled and mailed to Australian Securities and Investments Commission, PO Box 4000, Gippsland Mail Centre VIC 3841. The fees must be enclosed along with the form. Once the application is confirmed then Peter will attain an ACN, corporate Key and a certificate of registration. (ASIC, 2017) It is thus advice that Peter must ensure all the above steps while registering his business. Elements of the company Once a company is registered then there are various elements that can be associated with a company and with which Peter must be aware of and which are also mentioned under part 2B.1 of the Corporation Act 2001, that is, (Australia, 2017) firstly, as per section 124, a company is a separate legal person in the eyes of law and has its own personality. It is an artificial legal person once registered and has the capacity to carry out the tasks in its own name: secondly, when a company is registered then it never dies, even when its entire member eases to exists, fourthly, it can enter into contracts; fifthly, it is distinct from its directors and its members. Now, if at later stage, Peter wish to make Susan as part owner of the company, then, it is advice to him that he must issue shares of the company as per section 254B of the Corporation Act 2001. The main requirements of section 254 B are; firstly, a record of the issue of shares must be kept by the company in its shares register; secondly, the company must within 28 days of the issue of shares notify ASIC by lodging a change of company details wherein the details regarding the number of issues shares, class of shares, amount paid or to be paid etc are specified; thirdly, a new ABN number must be applied and the details must be updated with the ATO for taxation purposes.. (Veromo, 2017) Once the changes are done, then, Susan will become part owner of the company and holds ownership to the extent she hold shares in the company. Also, as per the facts, If Peter wish that jack and his other friends must join the business at a later stage than he has two options, firstly, he can issue shares in their favour and make them members of the company. Once they become the member of the company, then, Jack and the other friend has to company with all the shareholders right and obligations. Also, Peter has to comply with all the formalities that are required to issue shares; secondly, Peter can also employ Jack and his other friends as employees of the company and can seek their expertise and opinion without changing the structure of the company. It is advised to Peter that he must employee Jack and his other friends without bringing any kind of change in the structuring of the company by issuing shares. Issue of shares will involve time and expense. It is advisable that by employing them not much of costs will occur and Jack and other friends will also become part of the business by joining the same. So, when a company is registered then it becomes a separate legal entity in the eyes of law and which implies that it is distinct in personality and is not associated with its members and directors (MacLaine Watson Co Ltd v Department of Trade and Industry [1988]). A company is an artificial person and has the capacity to sue or sued in its own name, hold property and take decisions. Also, the directors and members are not answerable to the liabilities of the company personally. (GV Puig, 2000) It is thus submitted, that Peter and Susan can protect their personal assets in case the business fails provided they operate business in the form of company and not in the form of partnership or ole trader ship. The members of the company has limited liability, that is, they are only answerable to the extent they hold shares in the company. No personal assets of the members are at risk when the company is not able to meet its financial burdens. The other business structures, that is partnership and sole trader ship does not have the element of separate legal entity and limited liability, thus, there is no protection of personal assets if the business fails. Reference list Books/Articles/Journals GV Puig (2000) A Two-Edged Sword: Salomon and the Separate Legal Entity Doctrine, Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2000). Ramsay Noakes (2001) 19 Company and Securities Law Journal 250-271. Sydney (2017) Partnership, Topic 3. Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd (1961). MacLaine Watson Co Ltd v Department of Trade and Industry [1988]. Salomon v Salomon Co [1897]. Smith v Anderson (1880) The Corporation Act 2001 Australia (2017) (Online). Available on: https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/companies/structures. Accesses on 29th August 2017. ASIC (2017) Registering a business name (Online). Available on: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/registering-a-business-name/. Accesses on 29th August 2017. ASIC (2017) Steps to register a company (Online). Available on: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/registering-a-company/steps-to-register-a-company/. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Business (2017) Company - advantages and disadvantages (Online). Available on: https://www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/proprietary-company-advantages-and-disadvantages. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Business (2017) Change of ownership (Online). Available on: https://www.business.gov.au/info/exit/change-of-ownership. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Clayton UTZ (2017) Doing Business in Australia (Online). Available on: https://www.claytonutz.com/ArticleDocuments/501/3_BusinessStructures.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Incorporator (2017) Register Company? - Some pros and cons of registering a company in Australia some considerations regarding the appropriateness of registering an Australian company (Online). Available on: https://www.incorporator.com.au/pros-cons-company.asp. Accesses on 29th August 2017. Veromo (2017) shares and shareholders (Online). Available on: https://www.veromo.com/help-faqs/starting-business-australia/shares-shareholders/#can-you-issue-shares-after-the-initial-share-issue-upon-registration. Accesses on 29th August 2017.

Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting businesses free essay sample

The first business I will be investigating is Westons Cider. In 1878 Henry Weston came to the farm ‘The Bounds’ at Much Marcle, Herefordshire and continued the tradition of using the fruits grown on the farms fruit orchards to make cider. Two years later in 1880 Henry Weston started developing his cider commercial after the realisation of the treat from overseas imports created due to the British Empire but still knew it would be hard to achieve the standard of living he desired for his family. This decision was influenced by his neighbour, Mr C W Radcliffe Cooke of ‘Hellens’ in Much Marcle. Cooke was a Member of Parliament for Herefordshire and believed greatly in the development of West Country cider making, so that cider could then become a national drink, thus he was known as the ‘Member for Cider’. Henry Weston soon gained customers and slowly expanded the business formally known as ‘Westons Cider’. This slow expansion wasn’t achieved by advertising, it was achieved by recommendation. The tradition of the business was then established, a tradition which has been maintained by the company ever since. Westons Cider traditional product has won many awards and are not only available in the UK but in 25 countries around the world. Westons Cider employs more than 130 people, produces over 30 different ciders and perries, sells approximately 28 million pints a year and has a turnover of ? 24 million. They also have a Visitors Centre which is open to the public all year round. It contains an award winning courtyard garden, original features at the Hampton Court Palace Flower show in 2002, a traditional and are breeds farm park and orchard walk, a restaurant and a cafe and a gift and cider shop where you can sample every cider Westons Cider has to offer. Westons Cider is a Private Limited Company in Herefordshire, this is because it is a family owned business and therefore they don’t sell any shares of their business to the public. By not selling any shares of Westons Cider, they are full control of the business as there are not any influences by shareholders and as well as this, they get to keep all the profits to themselves. To buy shares from Westons Cider, you have to be a friend or a family and firstly have to be invited to buy them. A benefit of Westons Cider being an Ltd is that the business has limited liability, this means that the owners are separate from the business and don’t lose personal assets if the business was to go bankrupt or into debt. In comparison to a sole trader which has unlimited liability where they are the business and will lose personal assets to pay back any debts the business encounters. Westons Cider is a business is the private sector. This is where a business’ aim is to make a profit. Westons Cider’s purpose is to supply cider and they do this throughout the primary, secondary and tertiary sector. A business that operates in the primary is ones that collect raw materials. Westons Cider only collect and use top quality cider apples which are small, hard and inedible. They say that they only use two types of apples, bitter sweet and bitter sharp. By blending the fermented juices the apples produce that is that these two types of apples create the characteristic strength, flavour and aroma associate with Westons Cider and their cider. This is where they fall into the secondary sector. The secondary sector is where a business makes the final product using the raw materials. Westons Cider turns their own picked apples in cider at their factories as well as putting the cider into bottles ready to be sold. They start off by milling and pressing their apples to make the cider. The first step is to clean the apples; this involves removing the twigs, leaves or mud on the apples. The apples are then chopped to a pulp in the Bucher Mills where it can produce 16 tonnes per hour. Once the apples are turned into a pulp, they are the mashed to then be finally extracted for the juice. This is when it starts to begin fermentation. This is where the juices are left for a period of time so that they can mature to develop its full character. Some of Westons Cider’s cider is up to 200 years old but usually the common products are left to mature for around eight months. Following maturation, the cider is clarified, sweetened, chilled and then carbonated according to their requirements. A tertiary sector business is one that sells the product. For example, a business like Farmsfood would be in the tertiary sector solely because they buy products from businesses in the secondary sector and sell them to consumers. Westons Cider is in the tertiary businesses because despite selling to big retailers, Westons Cider’s cider can also be brought directly from their website where it is delivered to you. This is achieved by their distribution department. Their vehicles range from a 1? tonne van to seven articulated Lorries with the capacity to carry 28 tonnes each. Their delivery derives and distribution team will endeavour to get your cider to you promptly and efficiently, this is something that Westons Cider prides themselves with. The second business I will be investigating is Cancer Research UK. Cancer Research as by the name suggests is a business that does cancer research whilst spreading awareness in the UK. Cancer researcher is a business in the voluntary sector. The voluntary sector is any business that are not owned by the government and don’t aim to make a profit. They are also in the tertiary sector as they provide a service, being the research of cancer to find a cure as well as charity fund raising to help keep their research going. Cancer Research UK was founded in 2002 by the merge of the Cancer Research Campaign and the Imperial Cancer Research Trust. The Cancer Research UK’s research is almost entirely funded by the public. They raise money through donations, legacies, community fundraising, events and retailer and organisations operations and partnerships. For example, Morrisons could partner with Cancer Research and leave collection buckets at the end of tills for customers to put their lose change in or whatever amount of money they wish to donate. Cancer Research has over 40,000 people who regularly volunteer to help their research. As well as this they also have 3,985 employees that work for find cures using the research collected. The chief executive of Cancer Research UK is Harpel S Humar MA, MEng, MBA. Kumar gained a Masters in Chemical Engineering from the University of Cambridge and then received an MBA as a Baker Scholar from the Harvard Business School. After working for the UK Atomic Energy Authority as a research scientist, Kumar then worked in the London office of McKinsey and Co, specialising in advising pharmaceutical clients on strategic issues. Later afterwards he then became CEO of the Papworth Trust, this focuses on the pioneering rehabilitation and housing services for people with acquire and congenital disabilities. Kumar then left Papworth in 1997 to become founding CEO of Nexan Group, a venture capital backed medical device company, creating and marketing novel cardio-respiratory monitoring technologies. In 2002 Kumar joined Cancer Research Technology Limited as Chief Executive and then became Chief Operating Officer of Cancer Research UK in 2004 before becoming Chief Executive in 2007. One key way to help Cancer Research UK is to become a Trustee of the Charity. This is very similar to voluntary roles however, a voluntary role that is more challenging and is central to the working of the charity. This is like being a Director of a commercial company. Cancer Research currently has 20 Trustees that govern the business. These Trustees consist of people from scientific and non-scientific backgrounds. They must ensure that the organisation of the business has a clear strategic direction, it is properly managed and that is operates to a high standard of governance. The Trustees participate in informal events and serve on committees involve in specific areas of Cancer Research UK’s work to make sure the time commitment is up to a day a month. Appropriate training and induction are provided and Trustees are covered by the needed insurance. Being a Trustee requires good judgement, a commitment to the charities mission and the ability to work as a team with the correct skills. They also have to be sensitive to the issue as well and becoming a Trustee does require significant responsibilities, energy and commitment but it is also every rewarding and crucial element in the success of the charity.

The Crucible Background Notes Essay Example For Students

The Crucible: Background Notes Essay PART B Arthur Miller was an American play writer and novelist. He was born in New York on Oct. 17, 1915, and attended the University of Michigan. He began his career as a radio script writer. As his lifestyle began to calm down, Miller decided to marry Inge Morath. Arthur Miller was well regarded as an excellent American writer. In fact some critics consider him as having the most serious attempt to gain as much attention as the Greek and Elizabethan writers did. His talent of writing began to exceed standards set by other american writers, and this allowed him to become a two time winner of the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. His awards did not distract him from his work, as he continued to win awards such as the Pulitzer Prize, from the story: Death of a Salesman (1949) and the Antoinette Perry Award. Of all these awards, the one that he may value the most is the gold medal that he was awarded for dramatic arts from The National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1959. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible: Background Notes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As an American writer, Arthur Miller published dramas including:All My Sons (1947)Death of a Salesman (1949)The Crucible (1953)A View from the Bridge (1955)A Memory of Two Mondays (1955)After the Fall (1963)Incident at Vichy (1964)The Price (1968)The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972) Arthur Millers first and only screenplay that he produced was released in 1960, and was called The Misfits, starring Marilyn Monroe. He also wrote a short story called I Dont Need You Any More, in 1967. His novels included:Focus (1945)In Russia (1969)In the Country (1969) Arthur Miller lead an exciting and most interesting lifestyle. For further information on his life, there is a published autobiography on Arthur Miller, and it is called Timebends. PART AQuestion #9Salem ; The Puritans Salem was originated by the puritans in the early 1600s, and is part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It originated eight years after The Mayflowers journey to the New world. The Mayflower was the first ship to bring settlers to the Massachusetts area. The new group of settlers that came, consisted of Puritans. These People were in search of religious freedom ever since the late 1500s, during the time of King James I. They thought that the church of England treated its people unfairly, and thus disapproved of the church, believing that it needed Purification. As the people belonging to this Puritan group became stronger in spirit and size, they decided to make a request to King James I to start up their own religious group and make their own version of the bible. The Kings reply at this time was a mere approval, but later this caused controversy, and the Puritans were forced to be taken to the New world, or face persecution. The first settlement found by the Puritans was Jamestown, located in Virginia. Other settlements were also founded by the Puritans this way, one being Boston. Salem Witch Hunts In reality, the story of The Crucible is a recreation of certain events that went on during the early 1700s. Because of dramatic purposes, some of the characters characteristics have been combined into one character. The number of people in certain scenes have been reduced. Only the main ones were kept to keep the point of the story stable. Some of the main characters lived the same lives as told in the story, and unfortunately some died the same way also. There are many legends of witchcraft in the Salem area. Most of them are true, but as time passed on the outline changed. In The Crucible it was noted that Parris was voted from office, and never really heard of again. Abigale on the other hand turned up becoming a prostitute in Boston. .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de , .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .postImageUrl , .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de , .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de:hover , .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de:visited , .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de:active { border:0!important; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de:active , .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d7be740497b500eb14965976d0bb5de:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Unemployment Rates Essay Twenty years after the executions of Salem, the government allowed the victims that were still alive certain compensations. Even though all seemed to be resolved, it was evident around the town that witchcraft was still going on, and that some of the truth was still not heard of. Some of the homes of the victims that were dead remained uninhabited for more than a century. This all remained a mystery, as witchcraft in Massachusetts was not over for a long time.

The History and Purpose of the U.S. Federal Reserve

The History and Purpose of the U.S. Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve System, created with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act on December 23, 1913, is the central banking system of the United States. Popularly known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed, the Federal Reserve System was created in the belief that centralized, regulated control of the nation’s monetary system would help alleviate or prevent financial crises like the Panic of 1907. In creating the Fed, Congress sought to maximize employment, stabilize the prices of goods and services, and moderate the long-term effects of changes in the interest rate. Since it was first created, events like the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have resulted in the modification and expansion of the Federal Reserve System’s roles, responsibilities, and authorities.   Banking in the United States before the creation of the Federal Reserve System was, to say the least, chaotic. Early American Banking: 1791-1863 Banking in the America of 1863 was far from easy or dependable. The First Bank (1791-1811) and Second Bank (1816-1836) of the United States were the only official representatives of the U.S. Treasury Department - the only sources that issued and backed official U.S. money. All other banks were operated under state charter, or by private parties. Each bank issued its own individual, banknotes. All of the state and private banks competed with each other and the two U.S. Banks to make sure that their notes were redeemable for full face value. As you traveled around the country, you never knew exactly what kind of money you would get from the local banks. With Americas population growing in size, mobility, and economic activity, this multiplicity of banks and kinds of money soon grew chaotic and  unmanageable. The National Banks: 1863-1913 In 1863, the U.S. Congress passed the first National Bank Act providing for a supervised system of National Banks. The Act set up operational standards for the banks, established minimum amounts of capital to be held by the banks, and defined how the banks were to make and administer loans. In addition, the Act imposed a 10% tax on state banknotes, thus effectively eliminating non-federal currency from circulation. What is a National Bank? Any bank using the phrase, National Bank in its name must be a member of the Federal Reserve System. They must maintain minimum levels of reserves with one of the 12 Federal Reserve banks and must deposit a percentage of their customers savings account and checking account deposits in a Federal Reserve bank. All banks incorporated under a national charter are required to become members of the Federal Reserve System. Banks incorporated under a state charter may also apply for Federal Reserve membership. The Federal Reserve System: 1913 to DateFunctions of the Federal Reserve System By 1913, Americas economic growth both at home and abroad required a more flexible, yet better controlled and safer banking system. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 established the Federal Reserve System as the central banking authority of the United States. Under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and amendments over the years, the Federal Reserve System: Conducts Americas monetary policySupervises and regulates banks and protects consumers credit rightsMaintains the stability of Americas financial systemProvides financial services to the U.S. federal government, the public, financial institutions, and foreign financial institutions The Federal Reserve makes loans to commercial banks and is authorized to issue the Federal Reserve notes that comprise Americas entire supply of paper money. Organization of the Federal Reserve SystemBoard of Governors Overseeing the system, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, controls operations of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, several monetary and consumer advisory committees and the thousands of member banks across the United States.The Board of Governors sets minimum reserve limits (how much capital banks must have on hand) for all member banks, sets the discount rate for the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, and reviews the budgets of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks.

Politics - public policy Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Politics - public policy - Outline Example The third stage is characterized by the solving the problem is demanding both in terms of finance and in sacrificing our comfort. In some cases, the issue can be solved by advances in technology without sacrificing our comfort but in other cases, especially in social problem, such sacrifices may be necessary and this form part of the third stage. Realizing the cost of the solution to the problem leads to a gradual decline in public interest in solving the problem. This gradual decline which result from some member of the public feeling threatened by the cost of the solution, other becoming discouraged and yet others overcome by boredom, constitute the fourth stage in the cycle. The final stage in the cycle is characterized by lesser attention or occasional interest in the problem by the problem. For a social problem to pass through these five stages it must have three characteristics. In the first place, relatively only a numerical minority suffers from the problem. Second, a majorit y or powerful minority benefit from the existence of the problem. Third, the problem is intrinsically unexciting.

Catholic Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Catholic Theology - Essay Example It will be demonstrated how Jesus fits into each definition. Jesus is considered a man of the Word. He had a more direct connection to the Word, as he is alluded to in the scriptures as being God, but in human flesh. Jesus was often quoted within the bible saying, "I myself, say unto you". This would lead us to believe that he spoke under his own authority, and on the authority of the Father. Jesus can be thought of as a messenger. In the Old Testament, prophets told the future and truths about God. In viewing a prophet as a messenger of the future, Jesus imparted the news of the destruction of Jerusalem (Luke 21:20 - 22). Not only could he be considered as a messenger, but he was able to "read events and see them in God's way" (Hayes, 99). This would make him a visionary. Jesus was a man of the present. Through use of his vision, he could be called a social prophet. He challenged the patriarchal, purity, and dominion system that were in place during his time. He violated the purity system by healing those that were no longer recognized or considered unclean. He spoke with women, and considered them part of his group. Jesus utilized an open table fellowship in a time when eating was a political act, and it mattered with who you ate. It could be said that he was advocating for a different social outlook by challenging the current system (Howard). It is upheld that God was present in his divine yet human form as Jesus Christ to discuss with clarity his revelations for a new creation of mankind during his Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1 - 2). It is believed by Christians that this served as a commentary for the Ten Commandments.The spirit was at work in Jesus. In saying "I myself, say unto you", brings up the issue of the Holy Trinity. The Holy Trinity is belief in God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. The argument is that God can be spoken of as one person or spoken of as three. Trinity means "three in oneness". So, in speaking of Jesus, you are speaking of not one but three people. It can be said that the spirit was at work in him. Through miracles that he performed, i.e. bringing the dead back to life, (Luke 7:13 - 16), he can be considered as much more than a simple prophet.Jesus performed actions that shook, aroused, intrigued, and caused people to change (Hayes, 100). His actions in the temple were anti-purity acts, which upset the people there to buy and sell to the elite (Mark 11:15 - 19). He aroused the masses through speaking the Word of God to one and all, but in doing so aroused the suspicion and anger among the Pharisees. He inspired vision (Mark 1:14 - 18), enabled others to act (Mark 3:13 - 15), and modeled the way (John 8:3 - 11).In most references within the Bible, Jesus has not spok en anything of prophesy but is being named thus. Jesus was chiefly talked about as if he was a pebble in the pond, and because of his birth, the ripples or effects of what came afterward led to the fulfillment of prophesies from the Old Testament. Jesus and his existence must be looked at from the angle as to how he fulfilled prophecy, if He is to be seen as a prophet in all aspects.In the Old Testament, numerous references to the coming of the Messiah sparked what is called Messianic Prophesy, which lists

Learning to look Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Learning to look - Essay Example For instance, the pixelated image is pushed to the greater part of the lower left corner, leaving a smaller edge on the upper right corner of the image for the print message. A closer look also indicates some form of harmony in the image. For instance, the pixelated part is seen to be the image of a building. To create harmony, the letters on the upper right corner are also fashioned in a way to also reproduce the image. There is also some rhythm in the image achieved through the repetition of the P-shaped figures in the pixelated part of the design. However, the image lacks motion as well as focus due to the fact that it does not have a basic or obvious flow of direction. The most striking thing about this ad is its lack of attractive colour. The designer uses an image which has been pixelated thus making the image and the whole advert in essence less attractive. In this regard, the advert may be criticised in terms of its ability to attract the audience since people seem to be attracted towards crystal-clear images and warm colours. The advert is geared towards generating curiosity as opposed to any other emotion. In this regard, it has used elements which leave the person wanting to know more. A pixelated image is an icon of hidden details and in this case, it shows that there are hidden details which the individual needs to know. The advert is geared towards getting the individual to log into a certain website and thus its ability to cause the curiosity is important. It offers little detail as to what it is talking about, only giving the reader an opportunity to explore their curiosity in order to guarantee that the audience will be provoked to vi sit the website. This method is becoming a modern way of advertising because unlike in earlier days, today’s businesses or any advertising parties have websites where the audience can get more information as well as engage them. The context of the ad is also important in deterring the design.

Research Methodology in Education Research

Research Methodology in Education Research Introduction This chapter explains the methodological underpinnings of the study. I provide justifications for the investigative and analytical paths adopted. I discuss the aim of the Critical Theory paradigm and its philosophical positions on epistemology, ontology and methodology in a research enterprise. Also addressed are the people involved, research instruments, data collection procedure, and data analysis. Figure designed by the researcher Figure 1 Conceptualisation of Research Design Philosophical Underpinnings of Critical Theory The study centres on issues of power, class, privilege and the consequent social relationships. Being aligned with the anti-colonial framework described in Chapter Two, the study is situated within the tradition of Critical Theory. Creswell (2014) puts Critical Theory under the umbrella of a transformative worldview. ToFay (1987), issues of empowerment, irrespective of gender, class, and race, are central to Critical Theory. Lincoln, Lynham, and Guba (2011) state that the research aim of Critical Theory is to critique, seek change and liberate. Per the theoretical framework, the study advocates for Ghanaian H.E to acknowledge and respect African worldviews and perspectives. The study argues that the dominant Western paradigms that shape Ghanas higher education do not adequately empower the Ghanaian student. This consciousness is necessary to make Ghanaian students a subject of the education experience to help reorient higher education and make it emancipatory. Table 1 summarises the ontological, epistemological, and methodological beliefs shaped by Critical Theory. Table adapted from a book source Item Critical Theory Ontology Historical realism reality shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic, and gender values; crystallised over time Epistemology Transactional/subjectivist; value-mediated finding Methodology Dialogic/dialectical Table 1 Basic Beliefs of Critical Theory (Lincoln, Lynham, and Guba, 2011) Research Approach Qualitative A qualitative approach was most appropriate for this research because it offers a better opportunity to provide in-depth understanding of the subject matter. It provided the best avenue to investigate the research questions. Design Critical Studies In line with the philosophical outlook of critical theory, I employ   McMillan and Schumachers (2010) critical studies framework because my research seeks to find out how privilege, class, and power acquired through Ghanas H.E can be translated to serve societal good. According to McMillan and Schumacher (2010), critical studies design emphasizes ideas like dignity, dominance, oppressed, authority, empowerment, inequality, and social justice (p. 347). Researchers employing a critical study design must advocate for and stimulate change. Methods of Data Collection Employed McMillan and Schumacher (2010) note that observation and interviews are common methods employed in critical studies (p. 347). Denzin and Lincoln (2011a) also mention that qualitative research is inherently multimethod (p. 5), albeit there is an imperative to provide sound rationale. Accordingly, I employed autobiography to illustrate my locatedness, a literature review, and face-to-face interviews as methods for this study. Action Plan Table designed by the researcher Research Questions Data Needed Methods Analysis Purpose 1. What does it mean to be educated in Ghana? Lived experience Autobiography The education environment, teaching, and learning How an educated person is recognised in Ghana 2. What are the main features of the historical development of H.E in Ghana? Secondary data Literature Review Historical analysis of the conceptions in traditional African and Western perspectives To present the different notions and purposes of H.E traditionally (African), during colonialism and contemporarily. 3. How elitist is H.E in Ghana? Primary data Fieldwork. Interviews through semi-structured interview guide Manually by presenting the themes in the responses To explore ways to mitigate the asymmetrical power relationships in H.E 4. What are the alternative means of funding H.E in Ghana? Primary data Fieldwork. Interviews through semi-structured interview guide Manually by presenting the themes in the responses Borders on access and de-commercialisation of H.E 5. What are the possible futures of H.E in Ghana? Primary data Fieldwork. Interviews through semi-structured interview guide Manually by presenting the themes in the responses Relevance of H.E Table 2 Summary of How Research Questions were Answered Question 1 What does it mean to be educated in Ghana? To answer this, I employed my experiences throughout school to illustrate the process of education and consequent characteristics that identify the highly schooled. Autobiography is a reflection on events of the past and a careful presentation of such accounts. Pictures and other artefacts help to illustrate the accounts presented in narratives (see Ellis, Adams Bochner, 2011). While this method locates me in the study (McMillan Schumacher, 2010) and offers insights into the broader outlook of H.E in Ghana, it comes with its shortfalls. Autobiography is criticised as being too artful and not scientific, or too scientific and not sufficiently artful and self-centred (Ellis et al., 2011, p. 283). Delamont in Ellis et al. (2011) accuses autobiography (as part of autoethnography) as lacking extensive fieldwork. Anderson, in Ellis et al. (2011), contends that the use of personal experience makes autobiography biased. I acknowledge these inadequacies and the shortcomings of human memory, hence my concentration on events during my university education. Furthermore, for my experience not to appear isolated, I engaged with other autobiographical accounts and literature to support my accounts to provide rigour. As Ellis et al. (2011) suggest, the credibility of the writer offers reliability in autobiography and the realistic nature of the account is the scale to measure validity. The strengths of autobiography are its ability to reduce prejudice on a phenomenon, and encourage personal responsibility and agency (Ellis et al., 2011, p. 280). Question 2 What are the main features of the historical development of H.E in Ghana? I employed secondary data (literature) in this regard. According to Neuman (2006), an extended literature review as a method gives the opportunity to explore the vast materials on a study. Literature provides a worthy source of information due to the dynamism and diversities in humanity. It is the basis of building and enhancing knowledge, skills and attitudes the foundation of education.   A literature review grants credibility to the study as a good review increases a readers confidence in the researchers professional confidence, ability and background. To Neuman, an extended literature review locates the study in a framework and demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge (p. 111). Further, a good review points out areas where prior studies agree, where they disagree, and where major questions remain. In addition, it identifies blind alleys and suggests hypotheses for replication (Neuman, 2006, p. 111). As part of my extensive literature review, I employ the works and speeches of prominent African Presidents and scholars to make a case for the type of higher education that would be meaningful in Ghana. Similarly, I employ academic literature and views of a former Ghanaian President and other political leaders to argue how colonial relations continue to survive in Ghana. Furthermore, I employ proverbs an embodiment of African oral traditions and culture as an example of an African knowledge base that can shape H.E. I utilise selected proverbs to argue that H.E in African perspectives promotes the public purpose. Fieldwork Questions 3, 4, and 5 Fieldwork is integral to many forms of research qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. It helps to comprehend and appreciate many social phenomena. Indeed, many academic disciplines are both fields of theory and practice and fieldwork is also integral. Peake and Trotz (1999) acknowledge the significance of fieldwork: it can strengthen our commitment to conduct good research based on building relations of mutual respect and recognition. It does, however, entail abandoning the search for objectivity in favour of critical provisional analysis based on plurality of (temporally and spatially) situated voices and silences (p. 37). Research Instrument I used a semi-structured interview guide as instrument to conduct the interviews. This was important to help elicit detailed information on the subject. Interviews are useful to elicit thick descriptions (Geertz, 1973) of knowledge and insight into realities. Denzin (2001) describes thick description as deep, dense, detailed accounts (p. 98), which provide alternative perspectives to that of the researcher. McMillan and Schumacher (2010) also note that critical studies are multi-method and say, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦observation and interviewing are used most often. The key is to gather the right form of information that will support the advocacy desired (p. 347-348). People Involved (Respondents) The respondents for this study were people who work or had worked within Ghanas public universities. I had a proxy who helped identify and made initial contact with prospective respondents. I interviewed a retired Professor who is the Chairman of a university council. He has been advocating over the decades for education in Ghana to reflect African culture and worldview. I accepted the recommendation from my proxy to interview him. He is vastly knowledgeable but inclined toward African worldviews. It was important to get such an individual at the apex of university decision-making to offer some insight on the inner dealings of universities. Another respondent was a former Pro-Vice Chancellor of a public university who is on a post-retirement contract. His past role in the university equips him to offer reason why the status quo remains and the difficulties that come with transformation. It is difficult to tell his biases but he does not seem entrenched on specific worldviews. A former Registrar of a public university who happens to hold a Ph.D was also interviewed because Registrars in Ghanaian universities are in charge of the day-to-day administration of the university, and hence have rich knowledge on the administrative setup of public universities. His strengths lie in administration. There was a traditional ruler (paramount Chief) who happens to be a Professor in a public university. He is predisposed to favour African worldviews and share light on how difficult or easy it is to fuse African worldviews in the university structure. His knowledge and promotion of ancient African history and African American studies indicates his inclinations. The next respondent was a Christian Reverend Minister who is also a Senior Lecturer. His specialization is in Performing Arts and how theatre can be used to develop societies. His works indicate immense African cultural advocacy despite being a Christian priest. I interviewed a former director of an Institute in a public university (position equal to a Dean). He is a Senior Lecturer in the field of Education and his inclinations are quite difficult to tell. The next respondent is a playwright and Lecturer who prior to his academic life held a top position in an international development agency. He was selected due to his knowledge of Ghanaian developmental issues and his deep insight into African cultural worldviews. Furthermore, I interviewed a respondent with expertise in Development Studies. He is a senior research fellow at the social division of an institute in a public university. Lastly, there was also a linguist and who is interested in African liberation and consciousness. His works and views are very political against the West. He is very knowledgeable in African culture and ancient African history. Cumulatively, the respondents have accrued over 200 years of experience working in universities. Data Collection/Procedure I had a proxy in Ghana who agreed to help identify and make initial contact with potential respondents. Though he once held a high position in a public university, he had no power or control over the respondents. After the respondents agree to participate, I liaised with the proxy to arrange a meeting and scheduled the interviews. Prior to the interview, I sent the interview guide to the respondents via e-mail so they could form their thoughts on the issues therein. The respondents expressed interest in the study and offered lots of encouragement. Even though I desired to interview females, the proxy found it difficult to locate them they were either busy or out of the country. I scheduled the interviews for an hour but most of them offered more than an hour two hours in some cases and they were willing for follow-up communication. Some offered references and suggested books that would contribute to the research. It was daunting and quite intimidating going to interview such high profile personalities. Voices like, Are the questions going to make sense to them, and do I know enough to engage an intellectual discussion with these people? kept echoing in my mind. Despite these butterflies, I was assured that the questions were shaped by concerns and gaps in literature. I also had it in mind that I was on a mission to learn. Nevertheless, the process came with obstacles. There were several instances where we rescheduled meetings because the respondents were unavailable. In some instances, they had impromptu engagements so they sacrificed our scheduled meeting. The classic experience was driving for about 150km from Accra to another region only to find the respondent chairing a function that closed late. He informed me of his schedule but we both thought the programme would finish early. At the end, he was visibly exhausted and had to drive about 80km home (in another region). He asked me to sleep over and make the 80km to his house the next day for the interview. I made the journey but did not get to see him immediately as there were many people waiting to see him. Eventually, when I had the opportunity to meet him, my lack of traditional knowledge was severely exposed. His elders and members of his council would not entertain English/Western protocols, so I had to fall on the limited Palace protocols I know to navigate that space. He nevertheless was extremely helpful and introduced me to many other scholars. From a Western perspective, these issues border on power but the African in me acknowledged that these delays were not intentional, though frustrating and expensive. It was obvious they were busy; besides, I saw their acceptance to participate as a favour as there were no payments or incentives.   There is an African proverb that With patience, one can dissect the ant and see its intestines. Data Analysis To quote Patton (2002), qualitative analysis transforms data into findings. No formula exists for that transformation. Guidance, yes. But no recipe. Direction can and will be offered, but the final destination remains unique for each inquirer, known only when and if arrived at (p. 432). My data analysis began with the growth of the thesis. In the course of writing the theoretical perspectives and the literature review, some thematic areas began to emerge. The major themes bordered on notions of elitism in Ghanaian/African H.E, a lack of community-oriented values in Ghanaian/African H.E, and the African renaissance and pride. I employed these as pre-determined themes on which I formulated research questions. Therefore the responses were to answer questions that came out of these themes. I analysed the field data manually by adopting an inductive approach of qualitative data analysis. I transcribed the interviews into text and separated [it] into workable units (McMillan Schumacher, 2010, p. 369). I organised the responses and grouped them under the various research questions and read the transcripts thoroughly to identify comments pertinent to answer the research questions. I highlighted these comments and looked out for new observations and insights that could offer other understandings to the study. I examined the field transcripts to identify emerging themes and patterns, made interpretations out of the themes, and considered them in regard to the literature and theoretical framework. I subsequently present the findings and discussions in anecdotes (McMillan Schumacher, 2010). Credibility Credibility in qualitative studies refers to the extent to which findings and analyses of the study are realistic (McMillan Schumacher, 2010). To ensure this, I designed the interview guide based on issues raised in literature. In addition, I endeavoured to interview different people with different expertise within the university structure. Though I could not get any respondent from government institutions, the respondents offered worthy responses as some have occupied different positions in government institutions. A technique I employed to enhance credibility of the study was to send the transcribed interview to the respondents via e-mail for them to confirm the transcription appropriately captured their thoughts. I consequently provide detailed narratives from the respondents. Giving that the respondents did not object to the transcripts, the quotations offered in the analysis chapter of this study reflect the data collected. Reflexivity Chilisa (2012) argues that the closeness between the researcher and respondents may affect the truth value of research as it becomes difficult to distinguish between their experiences. In this study, I acknowledge my biases, and clearly illustrate and justify them both in my theoretical and methodological perspectives. The nature of Critical Theory and critical studies makes the issue of reflexivity quite tricky as the research is shaped and designed by biases that must be checked. Being conscious of my biases, I left the selection of respondents in the hands of a third party. Besides, the respondents are established academics who I could barely influence especially regarding what to say. I also devoted significant space to the voices of the respondents in the analysis chapter to clearly illustrate their thoughts and maintain the truth value of the study. Though triangulation helps in addressing trustworthiness of qualitative studies, the nature and status of my respondents made triangulation quite impossible. I could not use independent auditors, as suggested by Lincoln and Guba (1985), due to ethical restrictions. However, by sending the transcribed interviews to the respondents to validate, I was able to enhance the credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability of this study, ensuring trustworthy findings that a reader could transfer and generalise in a similar space. Conclusion In this chapter, I have outlined the research design used in the research. I have argued that adopting a qualitative approach is appropriate to answer the research questions. Employing a critical studies framework justifies the aim of helping transform social relations between the schooled and unschooled in Ghana. It offers empowerment to students of Ghanas H.E by offering alternative perspectives to help emancipate the schooled from dominant Western perspectives. Through my proxy, I was able to interview knowledgeable people in Ghanaian universities who offered rich information on how H.E can serve a public purpose. I used the inductive method of qualitative data analysis by highlighting responses that answer the research questions. The emerging themes from responses were synthesised and presented as anecdotes. In the next chapter, I will describe, using my lived experiences, how the educated individual is constructed in Ghana. My autobiographical approach will indicate how the process of schooling divides society and confers notions of superiority and difference to the highly schooled a phenomenon the study conceptualise as colonial.

Hamlet is Not a Coward Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet is Not a Coward      Ã‚   The first seven lines of Hamlet's soliloquy in the third scene of the third act have been the cause of debate for centuries as to what they reveal about Hamlet's character. Some say that he has chickened out of the prime opportunity to obtain the revenge that he has been commissioned to achieve by the ghost of his father. They accuse Hamlet of being a pacifist who hasn't the heart to put his thoughts into action-that he has merely talked himself out of the deed. My interruption of these lines, however, shows that just the opposite is true. The Prince of Denmark is indeed set upon avenging his father's death, and rather than backing away from the task at hand, he is going forward in away which is intended to bring dishonor to Claudius and maintain his own honor at the same time.    Now might I do it pat, now he is praying; And now I'll do't. And so 'a goes to heaven; And so am I reveng'd. that would be scann'd: A villain kills my father; and for that, I, sole son, do this same villain send To heaven. Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge.    --Hamlet III.iii.73-79       Hamlet becomes truly committed to revenging his father's murder after the Mouse Trap scene in Act II in which the guilt of Claudius is clearly brought forth. His little play had a two fold effect which spurs Hamlet forward. First of all, by mimicking the exact way in which Claudius killed his brother and married his sister-in-law, Claudius knew that Hamlet was on to him. The second effect may or may not have been intend by Hamlet, but the murderer in his play happened to be the nephew of the king, which may have been interrupted by Claudius as Hamlet's future intentions. Both of ... ...ational thought, for had he stopped and thought for a moment, he would have realized that it couldn't possibly have been the King-he had just left Claudius praying.    Revenge is a dangerous game to play as Hamlet well found out. In the end his father's death is avenged, yet the kingdom has been lost to Norway - a greater tragedy than the death of all the main characters.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations Of Hamlet. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Charney, Maurice. All of Shakespeare. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. 1993. Evans, Gareth Lloyd. The Upstart Crow-An Intro. to Shakespeare's Plays. London, England: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd, 1982. Magill, Frank N. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Garden City, NY: Garden City Books, 1936   

The making of Doctor Zhivago

Arguably one of the most famous epic films of the last fifty years, David Lean’s 1965 adaptation of Boris Pasternak’s novel Doctor Zhivago still continues to garner acclaim world-wide and was recently voted number thirty-nine in the recent AFI (American Film Institute) poll of the best hundred films of all time (‘100 films, 100 years’ www. AFI. com ), yet the road to the silver screen was not a smooth one.That the novel itself was ever published is the result of both luck, determination and civil disobedience. Semi-autobiographical in nature, an attempt perhaps on Pasternak’s behalf to make sense of some of the horrors he witnessed during the Russian Revolution, even though his limp prevented his being called for active service, Pasternak’s own love of art, beauty and poetry and the ability to discover those things even in a land shadowed by tragedy was mirrored in his protagonist Yuri Zhivago.Like Zhivago, Pasternak’s own poetry, while affording him a highly respected reputation also resulted in problems with the politicians of the day, with his 1932 autobiographical poem ‘Spectorsky’ resulting in accusations of anti-sociability and leading him to concentrate his time thereafter mainly to the translation of foreign playwrights and poets. (Press Book, Doctor Zhivago, Turner Entertainment Co).Although parts of Doctor Zhivago were written during the revolution, and also into the 1920s (Wikipedia) it was not until 1954 that the completed novel was to be ready for publication, originally submitted to (and declined by) the Russian journal Novyi mir, the manuscript was smuggled out of the country in 1957 by the Italian publisher Giacomo Feltrinelli , who despite receiving orders form the communist Russian government to return the manuscript unprinted, published the novel in Russian, with English and Italian translations appearing the following year.Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 195 8, but like his hero Zhivago, could not conceive of leaving his beloved Russia and so, due to the communist principles of the ruling state was forced to decline his prize, explaining ‘I am bound to Russia by my birth, my life and my work. For me to leave my country would be to die. ’ (Press Book, Doctor Zhivago, Turner Entertainment Co). Pasternak was to die just two years later, eighteen years before his magnum opus was be published in his home nation.Acclaimed British film director David Lean, known for such masterpieces as ‘The Bridge Over the River Kwai’ and ‘Lawrence Of Arabia’ saw in Pasternak’s story more than simply a story about the Russian revolution, but a highly complex love story, what he himself termed as ‘†¦the drama, the horror, the turbulence of the Revolution simply provides the canvas against which is told a moving and highly personal love story. ’ (Press Book, Doctor Zhivago, Turner Entertainment Co) .With an estimated budget of eleven million dollars, filming took place between December 1964 and October 1965 with a principle cast including Omar Sharif, Julie Christie, Geraldine Chaplin, Tom Courtenyy and Rod Stieger. (IMDb) The press book for the film claims that over a six month period, around 780 men, including 120 carpenters were responsible for transforming a ten acre area of the Madrid suburb of Canillas into an accurate representation of Revolutionary Moscow.Filming for the demonstration scene, and the revolutionary chanting accompanying it was said to have been so convincing that local residents at first thought that the demonstration was real and that Spanish Dictator Generalissimo Franco had been deposed, leading to subsequent filming of the scene to be closely monitored by the police. (IMDb)The two other most famous locations in the film could be said to be the ‘ice palace’ at Varakyno which in reality was fashioned from a specially formed type of wax and the snowy plains of Finland doubling for the Russian Steppes, shown during the long train journey which lead in turn to one of the film industries most famous urban legends – namely that a stuntwoman fell under the train during filming, losing both of her legs. (Snopes.com) In reality though, although she did indeed fall, and was injured, the injuries were not severe and she returned three weeks later to re-shoot the scene. Above all else though, what is remembered about the film itself is the love triangle of three ordinary people just trying to make sense of love, life and the terrible times they are living in and although the premise of the film itself is in no way a happy one, it stands as a testament to the endurance of the human spirit.References: Doctor Zhivago Special Edition 2 disc DVD (Warner Home Video) IMDb – The Internet Movie Database – http://www. imdb. com Wikipedia – http://www. en. wikipedia. org Press Book, Doctor Zhivago, Turner Enter tainment Co – From the BFI (British Film Institute) http://lean. bfi. org. uk/material. php? theme=1&type=Press%20Book&title=zhivago&folder=dr_zhivago_1&fcount=2 American Film Institute (AFI) http://www. AFI. com Snopes. com – http://www. snopes. com

Free Essays on Bad Driving Habits

Unless you are a fulltime driving instructor, it’s unlikely that you think about being involved in a car accident. We, as automobile drivers, all have developed some bad driving habits. The first step towards improving our driving is being aware of the habits we have developed. Many of these drivers have dangerous habits. The following are dangerous to do while driving: drinking or eating while driving, talking on cell phones, driving without their head lights on, and not wearing a seatbelt. There are a number of accidents that occur everyday as the direct result of eating and drinking while driving. Coffee, hot soup, chili, tacos, and burgers are included in the list of most dangerous food and drinks to consume while driving. We may have seem an individual who, though running late in the morning, stops at the local convenience store to quickly fill up a cup of coffee, throws down the eighty-nine cents and jets out the door, jumps into his car and weaves his way out of the parking lot and onto the main road. Taking a sip of coffee while driving, he unfortunately finds he is driving over the poorest paved surface in the entire county. With the hot coffee spilt all over his shirt, pants, and newly cleaned carpet, he jumps from his seat, accidentally hitting the accelerator. Now, he not only have a mess on the inside of his car, but the damage done to the front bumper accumulates for more then one thousand times the price of a cup of coffee. Driving in general can be treacherous. Driving and having such a distraction as a cell phone at your ear, or ringing somewhere in your car, is ten times more dangerous. Not surprisingly, drivers who use a cell phone while driving perceive cell phone use by others as less of a threat to their safety as do non-users. One out of five drivers who use a cell phone while driving sees this activity as a major threat. The number of accidents caused by talking on a cell phone accounts for six and a half m... Free Essays on Bad Driving Habits Free Essays on Bad Driving Habits Unless you are a fulltime driving instructor, it’s unlikely that you think about being involved in a car accident. We, as automobile drivers, all have developed some bad driving habits. The first step towards improving our driving is being aware of the habits we have developed. Many of these drivers have dangerous habits. The following are dangerous to do while driving: drinking or eating while driving, talking on cell phones, driving without their head lights on, and not wearing a seatbelt. There are a number of accidents that occur everyday as the direct result of eating and drinking while driving. Coffee, hot soup, chili, tacos, and burgers are included in the list of most dangerous food and drinks to consume while driving. We may have seem an individual who, though running late in the morning, stops at the local convenience store to quickly fill up a cup of coffee, throws down the eighty-nine cents and jets out the door, jumps into his car and weaves his way out of the parking lot and onto the main road. Taking a sip of coffee while driving, he unfortunately finds he is driving over the poorest paved surface in the entire county. With the hot coffee spilt all over his shirt, pants, and newly cleaned carpet, he jumps from his seat, accidentally hitting the accelerator. Now, he not only have a mess on the inside of his car, but the damage done to the front bumper accumulates for more then one thousand times the price of a cup of coffee. Driving in general can be treacherous. Driving and having such a distraction as a cell phone at your ear, or ringing somewhere in your car, is ten times more dangerous. Not surprisingly, drivers who use a cell phone while driving perceive cell phone use by others as less of a threat to their safety as do non-users. One out of five drivers who use a cell phone while driving sees this activity as a major threat. The number of accidents caused by talking on a cell phone accounts for six and a half m...

How to get a job at a startup

How to get a job at a startup Want to join a startup, but you’re not sure where to start? Or maybe you think you’re out of the running because tech isn’t your thing? Never fear, even if you’re not a coder or designer, there are still a few choice jobs out there that might just have your name on them. If you’re eager, have a varied skill set, and are willing to contribute to a team effort with energy, you’re in the running. Here are a few tricks to make yourself a viable candidate for a startup gig.Bolster your LinkedIn.First and foremost, attack your LinkedIn profile to make it shine. Remember that companies often search prospective employees by keyword, so keep your experience and certifications up to date and detailed. Make sure your network is solid, and don’t be too shy to  ask for endorsements or recommendations. Get involved in professional groups and link them on your profile. Start posting content relevant to the industry you hope to join- show youâ€℠¢re involved and savvy before even sending in an application or going in to interview.Do your research.If you find a company you’re thrilled by, start getting really nerdy. Dig deep learning all you can about that company’s product. Research their culture, getting as good an on-the-ground sense of the place as you possibly can. If you’re still jazzed and sure you would fit in and have something fantastic to contribute, start drafting a pitch of exactly how and why you fit into that specific company to put into your cover letter. The people who look for new hires want specifics- if you don’t tailor your application package directly to them, you won’t seem special or stand out.Learn the industry as a whole.The startup world is intensely competitive. Every company has to build itself up from nothing and the field can be cutthroat. The more you know and understand about the industry and a company’s main competitors, the more you can contribute. This is especially important in the interview stage. When you go in there, know more than they expect you to based on your resume. Don’t leave any doubts that you understand the current climate inside and out.Establish an online presence.Build an online presence that expands beyond LinkedIn. Make sure all your social media platforms and profiles are up to date and that you’re building a solid and sellable brand for yourself with what you post and how you post it. How you present yourself via all channels will show your tech savviness and your ability to brand yourself- both skills startups find invaluable.Don’t try too hard to be quirky.It’s one thing to show off your individuality- the experience, skills, and passions that make your application stand out from the crowd. But remember that even though the startup world is young and modern, you’re still going through a job application process. Take every step seriously, act like a grownup, and let yo ur interests and skills speak for themselves. You can be engaging without acting like a kid. If you’re forcing a personality, it’s easy to tell.Get yourself out there.You’ll never get a startup gig from nothing if you don’t work for it. Start applying on sites like AngelList, and look on sites that specialize in startups, like StartUpHire or VentureLoop. In addition, look for and attend startup-specific networking events in your area.If you find one company you want to target, you can also find the CEO/founder/key exec’s email and shoot them a line to express your interest. Don’t make your email vague and generic- include relevant links to your social media profiles and explain exactly why you would be a perfect fit for that specific company. Follow up if people are receptive and don’t forget to send thank you notes. In general, be responsive, kind, and sharp- when you’re on the ball, people take notice.

Analysis of online community Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of online community - Thesis Proposal Example But it is vital that all of us ask this from ourselves. Is this all really for the ‘good’? Should we keep allowing eradication of family and moral values in the name of technology? It is time we start considering the real issues that we face from technology. In this paper we will discuss Facebook and why how much popular it is among the young generation of today. We will also discuss the problems social networking in general and Facebook in particular is causing to the society. Facebook is posing great danger to human society and is destroying the youth by engaging them in futile activities and hindering intellectual development of younger generation. The internet age has provided the world with newer activities. It has contributed to a change in daily life. People prefer to use internet technology to communicate with each other instead of meeting people in person. Now the generation that has been born in the age of technology generally prefers to communicate through internet. This generation is also technology oriented therefore they want to make their lives easier. Companies have made use of this technology to cater to this market. Many online games and social networking sites have come up in order to provide entertainment to the people that are technology oriented. In this wave of internet activities many social networking sites have also come up and the most famous social networking site of today is Facebook. The social networking site has 700 million users worldwide (Paul para 1). This number shows how popular the networking site is throughout the world. It has attracted people through its unique feature. People can upload and share pictures, and the status sharing feature is particularly famous among the young people. It has actually given the young generation everything they wanted. They can talk to their friends share pictures and upload videos. It has actually catered to the demands of the younger generation and

Spotless Laundry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Spotless Laundry - Essay Example This implies that new customers can be created. These new customers would be people previously doing their own laundry or using services of conventional laundry shops. The capital employed would come from personal equity and a very small portion will consist of loans. This is because in the initial stages of operations, it’s almost impossible to get financing from financial intermediaries. Our mission is to provide high quality, fast and reliable laundry and pressing services that would give the customer the value of their time and money. We will strive for the complete satisfaction of our clients and work on building long-lasting relationships with them. The Laundry and Cleaning industry in Dubai, UAE is more prices focused and gives importance to quality and service than was some years back. The current laundry industry in UAE has the potential of about 0.5 billion USD per year1. New projects are coming up in the next two years, i.e. 2010 and 2011, with better technologically advanced equipment. The hotels in Dubai have mostly outsourced their laundry services to small companies specializing in this. Laundry industry costs have risen over the years due to high labor and utilities (water, fuel, power) costs. Hence, efficient machinery is crucial for laundry companies so they can reduce these recurring costs and charge low prices to customers. Based on the descriptors in Annexure 1- Industry Maturity Guide, the Laundry and Cleaning Industry can be analyzed as to which stage in the Industry Maturity Cycle it belongs to. As per our analysis, it falls in between the late growth and very early maturity stage (Annexure 2 –Industry Maturity Cycle). Strengths: The start-up firm’s fast, door-step service with a polite and well mannered ‘way’ of giving the service is what will be the differentiating point for Spotless Laundry. The vans of the

Classroom Behavior Management Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classroom Behavior Management Plan - Assignment Example In addition, it helps to make the school experience more productive and enjoyable for students from all backgrounds (Hue & Li, 2008). This paper will discuss a classroom behavior management plan that will consider the social and economic status of the students to develop it. In addition, the plan will consider the ethnic background of the students matters because it influences their needs. Mark Twain Elementary is a school that enrolls students in kindergarten to fifth grade. It is surrounded by facilities such as Helen’s Park, Weekley Family YMCA, McGovern Public Library and Helen’s McGovern Public Library. The community around the school comprises of middle class individuals from all over the world who have settled there for work and study. (Houston Independent School District, n.d). The Fifth Grade classroom is made up of eighteen students from different ethnicity backgrounds. The class has 8 white students, 4 African American , 2 Hispanic, and 4 American Indian. The proportion of boys to girls in the class is 8:10. Majority of the students have learning difficulties because of their bilingual nature. The students are from lower and middle-class social level. Most of the students are enrolled on reduced-price or free lunch. These students desire social and emotional needs that affect their academic performance. The behavioral characteristics are displ ayed in degrading language, bullying, and violence. Some students may keep silent when they are hurt but if it gets to extreme levels opt to fight (Wessler, 2008). This classroom behavior management plan will address the behavior problems by highlighting rules and structures to be used in class. The plan will promote academic performance by involving the students in the process of making rules that make them easy to adopt. I believe that setting big goals for my students at the beginning of the year will have a significant effect on them academically

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Essay The novel Frankenstein is about a man named Victor Frankenstein who wanted to tamper with life and death by exploring unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation (Shelley, pg.44). The novel Frankenstein has had continuing popularity ever since its publication in 1818 for many reasons. The main reason is that Frankenstein is a book that teaches lessons and morals that readers of all ages can appreciate and learn from for years to come. Frankenstein is a book that has been read and enjoyed by successive generations. In other words Frankenstein can be considered a classic novel. Frankenstein is a novel that shows the reader there is a way to achieve immortality, but also reveals many important things about human nature and emotions. Frankenstein is a novel about how to defy death. Ever since Egyptians and their beliefs of a life after death, people have found overcoming death to be fascinating. Death is something that is not understood completely by humans, it is frightening as well as scary. This is portrayed in Frankenstein when the creature is looked down upon by society because he looked different from them and they did not understand him. People are scared of what they do not understand, which is why they were frightened by Victors monster. The novel fascinates people because death has been overcome. Being able to create life from something that is non-living is just like cheating death. People like to have control over it, which is what people want in the first place. Frankenstein is a novel that shows the reader there is a way to defy death, which is why the novel has enjoyed continuing popularity ever since publication in 1818. Frankenstein reveals many things about humanity. The creature has the same feelings that all humans do including love, anger, sadness, happiness, confusion and so on. When talking of the family that the creature lived beside in the woods he says, when they were unhappy, I felt depressed; when they rejoiced, I sympathized in their joys (96). Just because the creature is able to distinguish between these emotions and have feelings for other forms of life is enough to say that he is human. The only thing that makes him different from human beings is the way he looks and the way he was brought into the world. Just because a baby is born with a deformity that  makes them look different from other people does not mean they are not human, they are just different. Since the creature is considered human, Frankenstein shows the reader what can happen to the human nature when it is abandoned of all forms of communication and love from others. The author is trying to show that the creature had the ability to be a kind and decent being, but because it is denied the basic human needs of communication and love from others, it resorts to an evil attitude. The unfortunate creature was abandoned and everything it knows about life and values was completely self-taught. The creature resorts to evil doings because no one has taught him right from wrong or how to deal with the emotions that he is feeling. Victors creature feels abandoned by his creator and does not know how to deal with these feelings. He does not even know why he was created in the first place after the cottagers that he has grown to love turned their backs on him. The creature curses his creator and questioned his existence by saying, Cursed, cursed creator! Why did I live?(98) These feelings towards abandonment are similar to the emotions that humans feel when people that are supposed to love them abandon them. The novel reveals many things about humanity that are not often discussed or thought about by humans. In conclusion, Frankenstein has experienced such continued success for several reasons. In one aspect it is a simple novel about defying death and achieving what many people have been fascinated with for centuries, which is immortality. On the other hand, it is an emotional story about a tragic creature that is forced to live in society that rejects him. It offers a close up into the creatures emotions and shows a side of humanity that people do not normally have the chance to see. Because Frankenstein fascinated the simple concept of death as well as the idea of the power of humanity to affect human emotions and reactions, it has become a novel that has been and will continue to be read for ages. Frankenstein is clearly a classic novel.

Where The Red Fern Grows :: essays research papers

Billy was walking home one day when there was a dog fight in the ally and he went to investigate to see what was going on and there was a bunch of dog’s beating up on one dog so he decided to get involved and break it up. They all scattered away when they saw him coming. The dog that was getting beat up on was lying on the ground in what looked like a lot of pain. He rushed over and noticed he was a beautiful hound dog. He also noticed that he wasn’t hurt that bad, just scared. This hound dog reminded him of his hounds that he had had when he was just a boy. Billy was very happy the dog had come through town, because he had stirred up a lot good memories for Billy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Billy was a boy he had a major addiction to wanting a pair of hound dogs. However, as much as he wanted a pair of hounds he did not receive them. Every now and then he would hear the neighboring dogs calling treed to their masters, and their masters whooping back to them to tell the hound that they were on the way. This encouraged Billy to wanting a hound more. His dad told him one day that his grandpa wanted to see him as soon as possible. Once he got to his grandfather, his grandfather told him that he had seen an ad in the newspaper for some hound dog pups. That’s when Billy finally had decided to do something about this â€Å"not having a pair of hound dogs† problem. So he went and got an old tin can and started putting money in it that he made from working in the fields. Over the next year he had saved up enough money to buy his hound dog pups. He hiked over the mountains to the nearest town post office because that’s where his dogs where going to be until he picked them up. He got to the post office and put them in a potato sack bag and headed for home. His grandpa had given him a coon trap so he could train his dogs. He named his dogs Old Dan and Little Anne. They made a great set. By the time hunting season had come he had his dogs trained and ready to go. The first night they treed their first ringtail coon.

Using the Sports Industry as a Medium

I am using the sports industry as a medium to illustrate how the scales of inequality are weighted in favour of males. In particular, we are looking at the ways in which women are breaking through the barriers into areas that could not have been envisaged fifty years ago. The sports industry is extremely diverse and is currently experiencing rapid growth and development. The industry†s profits run into billions each year. The business of sport has certainly not been immune or isolated from gender inequalities. Traditionally, professional sports management has been the exclusive realm of males. Sport is often regarded as one of societies most traditional male institutions. However, one of the most important phrases of the '90†³s† has been ‘gender inequality†. This involves offering equal opportunities to both men and women to participate in sport. The table below illustrates just how little coverage women†s sport receives in the media: The Times Daily Express Guardian Daily Telegraph Given the changing face of the international workforce, sports managers must now make ethical decisions regarding hiring in order to make the management of sport both more appealing and available to women. Although recent changes within sports leagues, such as professional women†s football has opened the doors to women – it is found that they rarely attain positions of power and wealth. It could still be argued that women have not been accepted into the industry, as the roles offered within it tend to be opposed to the typical ‘ideology of women†. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world with over 117 million players across 175 countries. There are now over 8 million women playing the game worldwide. It is no longer just a sport for men. Speed, agility and tenacity are among the most important factors for success in soccer. All of these are qualities that women have in abundance. And not only are women becoming more prominent as soccer players, they are also breaking the closed ranks of refereeing. In September, huge progress was made in the field of female refereeing when, for the first time in the world, control of a senior mens' match was placed entirely in the hands of women. Wendy Toms refereed a Nationwide Conference match with the assistance of Janie Framptom and Amy Raynor running the lines. Brendan Phillips, the manager of one of the teams involved commented after the match on how impressed he was with the quality of the officials. And it is perhaps worth pointing out at this point how rare it is for referees to be praised, especially by football managers! Other successful women in soccer include: Karen Brady – Birmingham City Managing Director Gaby Yorath – Football presenter and player On top of these advances made in soccer, a major step was recently taken in female boxing when, in America, a female fought against a male and won the fight. However, cynics might suggest that the fight was more of a publicity stunt than a fair contest. A newspaper report on this landmark contest can be found in Appendix I. Also in female boxing, Laila the 21-year-old daughter of the legendary Muhammad Ali recently entered the history books when she took part in a professional boxing bout. Again, a newspaper article on this event can be found in Appendix I. Stereotyping identifies a gender role at a very early age and can be traced back to the family – in particular, mother child relations. Bandura illustrates that young children acquire sex role behaviours through imitation, identification and observation of parents, teachers, media, personality and peers. Sex differences are reinforced through the pattern of childhood games for example, if a girl was given ‘Action Men† to play with, although they may play with them for some time, they will have a natural tendency to favour toys that will encourage their traditional female roles. The continued existence of toys such as ‘A La Carte Kitchen†, ‘Barbie and Ken† and ‘Cindy† simply reinforce the stereotype typically associated with women in the past is still present in a huge way. It has been suggested that society in general, and schools in particular, have led girls to lower their aspirations for no good reason. In primary school it is often found that the Physical Education lessons involved either no provision whatsoever for ‘girl orientated† sports (for instance Netball), or the girls were encouraged (or forced) to get involved in ‘male orientated† sports such as football or rounders. There was little provision for girls who didn†t wish to participate in these sports, with the best alternative being a skipping rope. Women aren†t encouraged to compete as speed, power and excitement are all games associated predominately with males. They see themselves as being suited to work which is of a different nature and less prestigious than that of their male counterparts. Part of the reason for the concentration on ‘male orientated† sports in schools, particularly primary schools, could be related to the fact that most sports teachers are male and so they have more interest in such sports and so are biased. In 1996 for example, the average number of women in athletic administrative structures was less than 1% per school . Ideals about suitable jobs for men and women have reflected prevailing notions of man and womanhood. Hence, familial ideology is one of the critical factors in exploring the deep seated and taken for granted nature of gender differentiation. In the past two decades there has been an uprise of women in positions that were previously dominated by men, and although women are now engaged in virtually every occupational category, few of them manage to reach the top. So, there is obviously a need to promote women in society and to encourage female leaders and emphasise the qualities that they can bring to the workforce and workplace. They need to be encouraged to aim for the top. However, the problem is that â€Å"whilst women are increasingly gaining entry to jobs demanding high levels of expertise, they are only rarely translating these into jobs with high levels of authority and organisational power† . High occupational achievement accompanied by a high salary has traditionally been reflected by the masculine role. The International Review of Employment conducted a study that revealed a huge discrepancy in the number of female directors in the UK. The UK has trailed behind the USA both in the number of female directors and in adapting corporate cultures to the presence of women executives at the top level. There are 140 female executive directors and 138 non-executives working in a total of 2349 listed British companies. Of these, just 22 women made it to the top positions of Chief Executive or Managing Director. And it is also interesting to note that women managers â€Å"earn on average only 65% of their male counterparts† earnings†. Refer to Appendix II for an interview conducted with a female Section Manager at Tesco Plc. The interview highlights some problems and issues that women managers face in today†s workplace. So why does this glass ceiling exist? One obvious answer lies in discrimination, which is both covert and overt in the persistence of male dominated or paternalistic corporate cultures. Together with this women have factors such as child bearing to adopt within their careers and macho workaholic cultures currently make it difficult for female executives to fit in time for their children and family. Another reason for the glass ceiling may be because women are constantly fighting against the many stereotypes that exist concerning every aspect of life and female roles within it. This list is by no means exhaustive but it illustrates some of the underlying issues. Instead of trying to break the ‘glass ceiling† perhaps women need to find their own personal windows through which they can climb. Because men and women are obviously different, it would be foolish to suggest that or to hope that men and women can be distributed in the labour force in exactly the same jobs, i.e. men are always going to be suited to some jobs better than women and vice versa. But, despite this, society can offer various solutions to the gender inequalities that exist. Advancing equal opportunities is never an easy task and history shows that simple solutions rarely work. The present generation has addressed sexual inequalities in a number of ways, for example, increased education and increased support for interest in the female labour market. Many believe that for major changes in gender roles to take place it would be wise to look at the potential intervention in education at a younger age. By doing this, many of the stereotypes that children grow up believing and adhering too could be banished before they become inbred within the individual. However, schooling is only one part of this education and society as a whole and in particular home life has to play a part in this ‘new† education. Although there are presently a number of changes in parenting and the workforce, as well as the sexual familial division of labour it is far from certain that such changes will, in the near future, be sufficient to alter present social roles or position in the hierarchy of gender so that young children will receive clear, delineated and understandable concepts of equalised gender roles. Almost 25 years after the foundation of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) it would be nice to say as the millennium approaches that things have changed significantly changed for the better. However, reality would suggest that although changes have taken place the extent of these has neither been fast moving or dramatic. Julie Mellor, Chair of the EOC believes that ‘there is still a huge amount of work to be done – we get lulled into a feeling of more significant change than is actually reality†. There is no doubt that there are still many obstacles that face women when trying to further their careers. It is now the job of organisations and society to build upon the foundations laid over the past 25 years by the EOC and Government legislation, such as the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. The balance is being redressed and it must be understood that such changes can†t and won†t take place overnight. Maybe one of the most important points when looking at the future and the ways forward can be summed in this quote by Judi Marshall: â€Å"Equality should not be contingent on sameness but should recognize and welcome differences and accord them equal social worth.† Using the Sports Industry as a Medium I am using the sports industry as a medium to illustrate how the scales of inequality are weighted in favour of males. In particular, we are looking at the ways in which women are breaking through the barriers into areas that could not have been envisaged fifty years ago. The sports industry is extremely diverse and is currently experiencing rapid growth and development. The industry†s profits run into billions each year. The business of sport has certainly not been immune or isolated from gender inequalities. Traditionally, professional sports management has been the exclusive realm of males. Sport is often regarded as one of societies most traditional male institutions. However, one of the most important phrases of the '90†³s† has been ‘gender inequality†. This involves offering equal opportunities to both men and women to participate in sport. The table below illustrates just how little coverage women†s sport receives in the media: The Times Daily Express Guardian Daily Telegraph Given the changing face of the international workforce, sports managers must now make ethical decisions regarding hiring in order to make the management of sport both more appealing and available to women. Although recent changes within sports leagues, such as professional women†s football has opened the doors to women – it is found that they rarely attain positions of power and wealth. It could still be argued that women have not been accepted into the industry, as the roles offered within it tend to be opposed to the typical ‘ideology of women†. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world with over 117 million players across 175 countries. There are now over 8 million women playing the game worldwide. It is no longer just a sport for men. Speed, agility and tenacity are among the most important factors for success in soccer. All of these are qualities that women have in abundance. And not only are women becoming more prominent as soccer players, they are also breaking the closed ranks of refereeing. In September, huge progress was made in the field of female refereeing when, for the first time in the world, control of a senior mens' match was placed entirely in the hands of women. Wendy Toms refereed a Nationwide Conference match with the assistance of Janie Framptom and Amy Raynor running the lines. Brendan Phillips, the manager of one of the teams involved commented after the match on how impressed he was with the quality of the officials. And it is perhaps worth pointing out at this point how rare it is for referees to be praised, especially by football managers! Other successful women in soccer include: Karen Brady – Birmingham City Managing Director Gaby Yorath – Football presenter and player On top of these advances made in soccer, a major step was recently taken in female boxing when, in America, a female fought against a male and won the fight. However, cynics might suggest that the fight was more of a publicity stunt than a fair contest. A newspaper report on this landmark contest can be found in Appendix I. Also in female boxing, Laila the 21-year-old daughter of the legendary Muhammad Ali recently entered the history books when she took part in a professional boxing bout. Again, a newspaper article on this event can be found in Appendix I. Stereotyping identifies a gender role at a very early age and can be traced back to the family – in particular, mother child relations. Bandura illustrates that young children acquire sex role behaviours through imitation, identification and observation of parents, teachers, media, personality and peers. Sex differences are reinforced through the pattern of childhood games for example, if a girl was given ‘Action Men† to play with, although they may play with them for some time, they will have a natural tendency to favour toys that will encourage their traditional female roles. The continued existence of toys such as ‘A La Carte Kitchen†, ‘Barbie and Ken† and ‘Cindy† simply reinforce the stereotype typically associated with women in the past is still present in a huge way. It has been suggested that society in general, and schools in particular, have led girls to lower their aspirations for no good reason. In primary school it is often found that the Physical Education lessons involved either no provision whatsoever for ‘girl orientated† sports (for instance Netball), or the girls were encouraged (or forced) to get involved in ‘male orientated† sports such as football or rounders. There was little provision for girls who didn†t wish to participate in these sports, with the best alternative being a skipping rope. Women aren†t encouraged to compete as speed, power and excitement are all games associated predominately with males. They see themselves as being suited to work which is of a different nature and less prestigious than that of their male counterparts. Part of the reason for the concentration on ‘male orientated† sports in schools, particularly primary schools, could be related to the fact that most sports teachers are male and so they have more interest in such sports and so are biased. In 1996 for example, the average number of women in athletic administrative structures was less than 1% per school . Ideals about suitable jobs for men and women have reflected prevailing notions of man and womanhood. Hence, familial ideology is one of the critical factors in exploring the deep seated and taken for granted nature of gender differentiation. In the past two decades there has been an uprise of women in positions that were previously dominated by men, and although women are now engaged in virtually every occupational category, few of them manage to reach the top. So, there is obviously a need to promote women in society and to encourage female leaders and emphasise the qualities that they can bring to the workforce and workplace. They need to be encouraged to aim for the top. However, the problem is that â€Å"whilst women are increasingly gaining entry to jobs demanding high levels of expertise, they are only rarely translating these into jobs with high levels of authority and organisational power† . High occupational achievement accompanied by a high salary has traditionally been reflected by the masculine role. The International Review of Employment conducted a study that revealed a huge discrepancy in the number of female directors in the UK. The UK has trailed behind the USA both in the number of female directors and in adapting corporate cultures to the presence of women executives at the top level. There are 140 female executive directors and 138 non-executives working in a total of 2349 listed British companies. Of these, just 22 women made it to the top positions of Chief Executive or Managing Director. And it is also interesting to note that women managers â€Å"earn on average only 65% of their male counterparts† earnings†. Refer to Appendix II for an interview conducted with a female Section Manager at Tesco Plc. The interview highlights some problems and issues that women managers face in today†s workplace. So why does this glass ceiling exist? One obvious answer lies in discrimination, which is both covert and overt in the persistence of male dominated or paternalistic corporate cultures. Together with this women have factors such as child bearing to adopt within their careers and macho workaholic cultures currently make it difficult for female executives to fit in time for their children and family. Another reason for the glass ceiling may be because women are constantly fighting against the many stereotypes that exist concerning every aspect of life and female roles within it. This list is by no means exhaustive but it illustrates some of the underlying issues. Instead of trying to break the ‘glass ceiling† perhaps women need to find their own personal windows through which they can climb. Because men and women are obviously different, it would be foolish to suggest that or to hope that men and women can be distributed in the labour force in exactly the same jobs, i.e. men are always going to be suited to some jobs better than women and vice versa. But, despite this, society can offer various solutions to the gender inequalities that exist. Advancing equal opportunities is never an easy task and history shows that simple solutions rarely work. The present generation has addressed sexual inequalities in a number of ways, for example, increased education and increased support for interest in the female labour market. Many believe that for major changes in gender roles to take place it would be wise to look at the potential intervention in education at a younger age. By doing this, many of the stereotypes that children grow up believing and adhering too could be banished before they become inbred within the individual. However, schooling is only one part of this education and society as a whole and in particular home life has to play a part in this ‘new† education. Although there are presently a number of changes in parenting and the workforce, as well as the sexual familial division of labour it is far from certain that such changes will, in the near future, be sufficient to alter present social roles or position in the hierarchy of gender so that young children will receive clear, delineated and understandable concepts of equalised gender roles. Almost 25 years after the foundation of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) it would be nice to say as the millennium approaches that things have changed significantly changed for the better. However, reality would suggest that although changes have taken place the extent of these has neither been fast moving or dramatic. Julie Mellor, Chair of the EOC believes that ‘there is still a huge amount of work to be done – we get lulled into a feeling of more significant change than is actually reality†. There is no doubt that there are still many obstacles that face women when trying to further their careers. It is now the job of organisations and society to build upon the foundations laid over the past 25 years by the EOC and Government legislation, such as the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. The balance is being redressed and it must be understood that such changes can†t and won†t take place overnight. Maybe one of the most important points when looking at the future and the ways forward can be summed in this quote by Judi Marshall: â€Å"Equality should not be contingent on sameness but should recognize and welcome differences and accord them equal social worth.†